The focus covers legal issues in general legal studies, criminal law, civil law, business law, constitutional law, and administrative law. The research may adopt various approaches, including legal-philosophical, normative, juridical, and sociological perspectives.
Formulasi Parameter Itikad Tidak Baik dalam Gugatan Pembatalan Merek Terkenal untuk Menjamin Kepastian Hukum
This article examines how bad faith should be formulated as an operational legal parameter in cancellation actions involving well-known trademarks. The issue is important because Indonesian trademark law has recognized special protection for well-known marks and has opened an exception to the limitation period for cancellation claims filed against registrations made in bad faith. However, in practice, claims are often trapped in formal debates over the first to file principle, while the proof of bad faith remains fragmented and highly dependent on judicial interpretation. This study uses normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The analysis is grounded in the official Indonesian trademark regime, international instruments on well-known marks, and judicial practice that reveals the gap between the promise of protection and its implementation. The findings show that the main weakness does not lie in the absence of norms, but in the absence of a structured test linking the notoriety of a mark, the registrant's prior knowledge, the pattern of registration, the commercial objective, and post-registration conduct. Therefore, this article formulates a five-part operational parameter of bad faith and recommends a contextual burden-shifting model so that cancellation actions involving well-known trademarks can be assessed more consistently, fairly, and predictably.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Nabil, Ismail, Hartana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analisis Hukum Normatif terhadap Konsistensi Penerapan Prinsip Kedaulatan Rakyat dalam Pilkada 2024
The principle of people's sovereignty is a fundamental norm of the Indonesian constitutional system, as affirmed in Article 1 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution and implemented through the mechanism of direct regional head elections (Pilkada). However, tension exists between progressive regulatory advancements and the reality of implementation, which leaves behind structural integrity issues. This study uses a normative legal research method with the statute approach, conceptual approach, and historical approach. The results show that the 2024 regional election regulations have undergone significant updates through PKPU Number 10 of 2024, which adopts Constitutional Court Decisions Number 60 and 70 of 2024, thereby expanding access to political competition and providing certainty regarding candidate age requirements. However, the findings reveal a paradox of constitutional democracy, in which more inclusive regulations are overshadowed by weaknesses in preventive oversight and massive violations of the neutrality of officials. This study concludes that there is a need for the codification of election laws to ensure the stability of norms and the strengthening of oversight functions in order to maintain the purity of people's sovereignty at the local level.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Rudi Mulyadi, Dewi Iryani, Hartana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Penerapan Asas Lex Specialis Systematis dalam Hukum Pidana Pajak untuk Menjamin Kepastian Hukum
This study examines the application of the lex specialis systematis principle in Indonesian tax criminal law from the perspective of legal certainty. The issue remains important because tax criminal enforcement does not only concern punishment, but also the relationship between state revenue protection, administrative compliance, investigation authority, and the rights of taxpayers. This research uses a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The analysis is built on Article 23A of the 1945 Constitution, the Criminal Code framework on the relationship between general and special criminal law, the Law on General Provisions and Tax Procedures together with its major amendments, the Anti-Corruption Law, the Banking Law, and the Anti-Money Laundering Law. The findings show that tax criminal law has the characteristics of lex specialis systematis because it forms an integrated and self-contained enforcement structure, including specific norms on obligations, sanctions, investigation, and recovery of state revenue. However, legal certainty is still weakened by overlapping legal regimes, the absence of operational criteria distinguishing administrative violations from criminal acts, and inconsistent coordination among enforcement institutions. Therefore, stronger certainty requires harmonized legal interpretation, measurable thresholds for criminal enforcement, specialist institutional coordination, and more consistent judicial guidance in tax criminal cases.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Eli Saat, Dewi Iryani, Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perlindungan Hukum Nasabah Pinjaman Online terhadap Praktik Penagihan Ilegal dan Penyalahgunaan Data Pribadi
This study examines the legal protection available to online loan borrowers against illegal collection practices and misuse of personal data in Indonesia. The issue remains important because digital lending expands access to funding while simultaneously increasing the risk of intimidation, unauthorized contact with third parties, and unlawful dissemination of borrower data. This research uses a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The analysis is built on the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions framework and its amendments through Law Number 1 of 2024, the Personal Data Protection Law, Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning Financial Sector Development and Strengthening, OJK Regulation Number 22 of 2023, OJK Regulation Number 40 of 2024, OJK Circular Letter Number 19/SEOJK.06/2025, and Supreme Court Decision Number 1206 K/Pdt/2024. The findings show that borrower protection cannot be limited to licensing and complaint administration, because illegal collection also concerns good faith, proportionality, privacy, and recoverable loss. The case analysis further shows that the Supreme Court linked weak online-loan governance with unlawful state inaction and ordered stronger regulation, integrated data-protection oversight, and clearer limits on data access. Therefore, stronger protection requires uniform collection standards, strict limits on access and use of borrower data, accountable use of third-party collectors, integrated complaint mechanisms, and a clearer relationship between administrative sanctions and civil liability.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Norman, Hartana, Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formulasi Klausul Perubahan Desain dalam Kontrak Design and Build untuk Menjamin Kepastian Hukum
This study examines how design change clauses should be formulated in design and build contracts so that legal certainty is maintained when the scope, cost, and time of construction work change during implementation. The issue is relevant because Indonesian construction law has recognized integrated construction services, while procurement regulations have continued to develop through Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2018 and its amendments up to Presidential Regulation Number 46 of 2025. However, the prevailing regulatory framework still leaves room for uncertainty regarding the authority to propose design changes, the evaluation process, the approval mechanism, and the proportional adjustment of contract value and completion time. This research uses normative legal methods with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings show that legal certainty in design and build contracts cannot rely solely on general change-order clauses, because design changes directly affect risk allocation, quality control, and project accountability. Therefore, the article formulates a model clause consisting of written submission, documented technical and financial evaluation, clearly identified approval authority, proportional compensation adjustment, and mandatory addendum documentation. Such a clause can reduce multi-interpretation, strengthen contractual balance, and provide more predictable legal protection for both service users and service providers.
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Alesman Laia, Ismail, Hartana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hak Konstitusional untuk Berunjuk Rasa dan Standar Penggunaan Kekuatan Aparat pada Gelombang Aksi 2025
This article examines the constitutional right to protest and the legal standards governing the use of force by state apparatus during the 2025 protest waves in Indonesia. The issue is constitutionally important because a democratic rule-of-law state must simultaneously protect freedom of assembly and ensure that law enforcement action remains bound by legality, necessity, and proportionality. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and human-rights approaches, this article analyses the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 9 of 1998, Law Number 39 of 1999, Law Number 2 of 2002, Law Number 12 of 2005, and the regulatory framework on police use of force, supported by relevant legal scholarship and international standards. The article argues that Indonesian law already recognizes the right to assemble and imposes human-rights obligations on policing, but normative gaps and weak accountability still allow excessive or indiscriminate force in crowd control. Therefore, the legal framework must be read through a stricter standard of legality, necessity, proportionality, escalation, reporting, and effective review of force incidents.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Puguh Aji Hari Setiawan, Hartana, Ismail (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Partisipasi Publik yang Bermakna dalam Pembentukan Undang-Undang Pasca Kontroversi Legislasi 2025
This article examines meaningful public participation in the making of legislation after the legislative controversies of 2025 in Indonesia. The issue is constitutionally significant because the legitimacy of legislation in a democratic rule-of-law state depends not only on formal enactment, but also on whether the public is genuinely involved in the legislative process. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this article analyses the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 12 of 2011, Law Number 13 of 2022, and Constitutional Court Decision Number 82/PUU-XXI/2023, supported by academic legal writings on public participation. The article argues that Indonesian legislation already recognizes participation rights, but the implementation remains vulnerable to procedural formalism, delayed access to bill documents, and weak feedback mechanisms. After the 2025 legislative controversies, the strengthening of meaningful participation requires open access to draft laws, timely involvement of affected groups, documented legislative responses, and technical rules that prevent public participation from being reduced to symbolic consultation.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae, Puguh Aji Hari Setiawan, Dewi Iryani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pemisahan Fungsi Regulator dan Pengelola BUMN Pasca Reformasi Kelembagaan 2025: Desain Akuntabilitas dan Good Governance
This article examines the legal design for separating regulatory and state-owned enterprise management functions after Indonesia's 2025 institutional reform in the state-owned enterprise sector. The issue is legally important because the reform restructures the role of the state through the creation and adjustment of institutions that handle policy, supervision, investment management, and operational holding functions, while simultaneously raising risks of overlap, weakened accountability, and conflicts of interest. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and policy approaches, this article analyses Law Number 19 of 2003, Law Number 1 of 2025, Law Number 16 of 2025, Government Regulation Number 10 of 2025, and Government Regulation Number 15 of 2025. The article argues that the 2025 reform has moved toward a clearer institutional distinction between regulator, supervisory authority, and enterprise manager, but the design will only produce good governance if it is accompanied by auditable delegation boundaries, integrated internal control, conflict-of-interest management, and transparent responsibility between BP BUMN, the investment body, and the operational holding structure.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Ismail, Puguh Aji Hari Setiawan, Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
KUHAP 2025 dan Jaminan Due Process of Law: Batas Penangkapan, Penahanan, dan Penyadapan dalam Negara Hukum
This article examines the extent to which Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Criminal Procedure Code strengthens due process guarantees in Indonesia, particularly in relation to arrest, detention, and surveillance. The issue is legally significant because the new code introduces more explicit procedural safeguards, tighter coordination requirements between investigators and prosecutors, and broader pretrial review, but still leaves surveillance to be further governed by a separate statute. Using normative legal research with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, this article compares the structure of Law Number 20 of 2025 with Law Number 8 of 1981, reads the reform in light of key Constitutional Court decisions, and formulates criteria for assessing whether coercive measures remain compatible with the rule of law. The article argues that the 2025 reform improves legal certainty for arrest and detention through clearer evidentiary thresholds, notification duties, time limits, and remedial consequences, yet the legality of surveillance will remain vulnerable unless an integrated supervisory regime is enacted and aligned with pretrial review.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Dewi Iryani, Ismail, Puguh Aji Hari Setiawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kesiapan Transisi KUHP Baru Menjelang 2 Januari 2026: Harmonisasi Norma dan Kepastian Hukum Penegakan
This article examines the legal readiness for the transition to Indonesia's new Criminal Code before 2 January 2026 after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code and Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Criminal Procedure Code. The issue is legally significant because substantive criminal law and criminal procedure are scheduled to take effect on the same date, while cases that are already in progress, implementing regulations, and the continued temporary use of older procedural instruments still require orderly harmonization. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, this article maps the transitional design of both statutes, identifies the principal points that determine legal certainty in enforcement, and formulates a harmonization model focused on case-stage classification, the application of the more favorable law, and the auditable continuity of compatible implementing rules.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae, Dewi Iryani, Ismail (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Revisi Undang-Undang TNI Tahun 2025 dalam Perspektif Supremasi Sipil dan Negara Hukum
This article examines the 2025 revision of the Indonesian National Armed Forces Law from the perspective of civilian supremacy and the rule of law. The issue is legally important because Law Number 3 of 2025 retains the language of civilian supremacy while at the same time expanding the range of ministries and agencies that may be occupied by active soldiers and revising the retirement-age regime. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and limited case approaches, this article compares the 2004 and 2025 formulations, identifies the constitutional pressure points they create, and formulates legal parameters to test whether the expansion remains compatible with democratic constitutionalism. The article argues that a revised TNI Law can only remain consistent with civilian supremacy if the expansion of positions is interpreted narrowly, tied directly to defence functions, and placed under strict civilian accountability and exceptional-use standards.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Hartana, Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae, Puguh Aji Hari Setiawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pelindungan Anak di Ruang Digital pada Momentum Regulasi 2025: Kewajiban Platform dan Tanggung Jawab Negara
This article examines the legal obligations of digital platforms in child protection after Government Regulation Number 17 of 2025. The issue is legally important because Law Number 1 of 2024 had already imposed a duty on electronic system providers to protect children, but operational standards only became more concrete after the 2025 regulation introduced risk classification, age ranges, parental consent, age verification, reporting mechanisms, and administrative sanctions. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, this article maps the transition from declarative obligation to operational compliance, identifies the minimum obligations that must be fulfilled by electronic system providers, and formulates a layered responsibility model involving the state, providers, and parents or guardians. The article argues that child protection in digital spaces can no longer rest on generic safety commitments, but must be measured through specific legal duties that are auditable and enforceable.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Ismail, Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae, Hartana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tata Kelola Danantara Tahun 2025: Model Akuntabilitas, Auditabilitas, dan Pencegahan Konflik Kepentingan atas Aset Publik
This article examines the auditability and conflict-of-interest risks that arise from the establishment of Danantara under Law Number 1 of 2025 and Government Regulation Number 10 of 2025. The issue is legally significant because the 2025 amendment to the State-Owned Enterprises Law delegates part of the President's authority in managing state-owned enterprises and separated state assets to a newly formed state-owned investment body. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, this article maps Danantara's legal position, identifies the accountability pressure points generated by the transfer of authority, and formulates a minimum governance model centered on functional separation, auditable decision trails, and public responsibility. The analysis is grounded in verified primary legal sources and selected academic and governance literature relevant to Danantara's institutional design.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Puguh Aji Hari Setiawan, Dewi Iryani, Hartana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Batas Konstitusional Efisiensi Anggaran Pasca Inpres Nomor 1 Tahun 2025: Diskresi Pemerintah dan Perlindungan Layanan Publik
This article examines the constitutional limits of budget-efficiency policy after Presidential Instruction Number 1 of 2025, especially where government discretion intersects with the protection of public services. The issue arises because efficiency is a lawful principle of state-finance management, yet education and health are also tied to constitutional guarantees, statutory duties, and minimum service standards. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and limited case approaches, this article analyses the relationship between the 2025 efficiency instruction, the State Finance Law, the 2025 State Budget Law, the education budget jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court, and the statutory framework on basic public services. The article argues that post-Inpres efficiency remains lawful only if it is directed at measurable non-core spending, does not erode constitutional spending floors and minimum service obligations, and is documented through a transparent service-protection test.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Dewi Iryani, Hartana, Gradios Nyoman Tio Rae (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Harmonisasi Perpres 46 Tahun 2025 dengan Rezim Pengadaan Pemerintah: Model Kepastian Hukum bagi Pejabat Pengadaan dan Pelaku Usaha
This article examines how Presidential Regulation Number 46 of 2025 should be harmonized with the earlier public procurement framework so that legal certainty for procurement officials and business actors can be preserved during the 2025 transition period. The issue arises because Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2018 has been amended by Presidential Regulation Number 12 of 2021 and again by Presidential Regulation Number 46 of 2025, while the National Public Procurement Agency also issued Circular Letter Number 1 of 2025 to explain transitional implementation. Using normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, this article maps the amendment chain, identifies the legal points that require synchronization with implementation guidelines and contract documents, and formulates a harmonization framework grounded in official legal sources.
Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Hartana, Ismail, Dewi Iryani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Eksistensi Kelayakan dan Hubungan antara Pengusahaan Pertambangan dengan Politik pada Masa Pemilu
This study examines the feasibility and relationship between mining business and politics during elections, as well as the symbiotic relationship between the mining sector and politics in the Indonesian electoral context. The research method is empirical juridical, beginning with secondary data research and followed by primary data analysis in the field. The research combines library and field research. The study indicates that the economic power of the mining sector may be used by political actors to secure business interests. This practice creates a mutually beneficial cycle in which mining entrepreneurs finance political campaigns while elected politicians provide policies favorable to the mining sector. Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution risks becoming an illusion for the people and the state when oligarchic power not only strips economic resources from the state but also captures political authority.
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reformulasi Kebijakan Kriminal dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan Berbasis Teknologi Kecerdasan Buatan
The reformulation of criminal policy in combating artificial intelligence (AI)-based crime has become an urgent issue as technology develops rapidly. This study examines legal challenges related to digital crime, regulatory strengthening, and the role of law enforcement institutions in addressing these problems. The method used is a literature study with a qualitative approach. The study finds the need for AI-specific regulation, the establishment or strengthening of institutions competent in technology, and international cooperation in combating AI-based crime. Such policy reform is expected to create a legal system that is more responsive to digital threats.
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Imam Subekti, Elly Kristiani Purwendah, Heru Sukrisno, Sugeng Wahyudi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perlindungan Anak dari Ancaman Child Grooming di Indonesia: Evaluasi Regulasi dan Rekomendasi Pembaruan Hukum dalam Era Digital
The phenomenon of child grooming has become a major challenge in child protection in the digital era. This practice involves manipulative efforts by adults to approach children, build emotional relationships, and exploit them sexually, either directly or through electronic media. In Indonesia, although regulations such as the Child Protection Law and the Information and Electronic Transactions Law can be used to respond to this problem, legal gaps remain, especially for conduct occurring in cyberspace. Using a qualitative approach with library research, this study examines child grooming from the perspective of Indonesian law, analyses weaknesses in the existing legal framework, and offers recommendations for legal reform. The study finds that Indonesia already has a basic legal framework to address this conduct, but the current regulations have not yet been fully effective in dealing with acts committed through social media and digital platforms. Therefore, regulatory reform and stronger law-enforcement capacity are needed to protect children from grooming threats.
Kewenangan yang Ideal bagi Lembaga Komisi Yudisial untuk Memilih dan Menyetujui Seorang Hakim Agung yang Agung dan Berintegritas
The selection of Supreme Court Justices often attracts public attention because it concerns the integrity and independence of the judiciary. This study examines the regulation of Supreme Court Justice nominations in the Indonesian legal system and formulates the ideal authority of the Judicial Commission in selecting and approving candidates with integrity. This research uses a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and historical approaches. The legal materials consist of primary and secondary legal materials. The study finds that potential conflicts of interest arising from the involvement of the House of Representatives in fit and proper tests are not fully consistent with the principle of separation of powers under the 1945 Constitution. An ideal selection process should focus on integrity, professionalism, and transparency without political intervention. The establishment of an independent and credible National Selection Committee can support a more transparent and accountable selection process.
Kewenangan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi dalam Penanganan Tindak Pidana Korupsi yang Dilakukan oleh Anggota TNI Aktif yang Menduduki Jabatan Sipil untuk Mewujudkan Kepastian Hukum
Legal facts show that corruption has occurred widely, massively, and structurally in Indonesia. This study examines the regulation of corruption crimes committed by active TNI members who hold civilian office and the authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in handling such crimes. This research uses a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials consist of primary and secondary legal materials. The study finds that KPK has authority to coordinate and handle corruption cases involving military personnel through the legal reasoning reflected in Article 65 paragraph (2) of the TNI Law and Article 42 of the KPK Law. However, jurisdictional tension remains between the KPK Law and the Military Justice Law. To minimize uncertainty, reform of the Military Justice Law and clearer affirmation of KPK authority are needed so that corruption law enforcement can be more effective.
Sistem Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia: Perbandingan antara Sistem Pemilihan Umum Proporsional Terbuka dan Sistem Pemilihan Umum Proporsional Tertutup
This article examines the general election system in Indonesia by comparing the open proportional system and the closed proportional system. The issue is important because electoral system design strongly influences the quality of representation, party institutionalisation, voter participation, and the broader health of democracy. Using normative juridical research, the article reviews constitutional provisions, election statutes, and scholarly discussion on electoral models used in Indonesia since independence. The study finds that proportional representation has long been considered suitable for Indonesia's plural society, but the shift from a closed to an open proportional system has significantly changed the relationship between parties, candidates, and voters. The open proportional system strengthens direct voter choice and candidate-voter proximity, yet it also intensifies internal competition, campaign costs, and the risk of vote buying. The article concludes that an electorally healthy democracy requires not only an appropriate proportional design, but also stronger political education and firm law enforcement against money politics.
Analisis Yuridis Eksekusi Pengadilan atas Sita Jaminan Barang Hasil Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang (TPPU)
This article examines the legal execution of court orders concerning the seizure of property connected to money laundering offences. The issue is important because asset seizure in money laundering cases stands at the intersection of criminal procedure, confiscation policy, and the broader goal of restoring illicit proceeds for the benefit of the public. Using normative juridical research, the article reviews Indonesian anti-money laundering law, criminal procedure rules, and judicial reasoning in Supreme Court Decision Number 1208K/Pid.Sus/2018. The study finds that the legal handling of seized assets remains problematic when courts rely on approaches that do not clearly distinguish between assets to be returned, assets to be forfeited to the state, and assets that should be tied to predicate offences and illicit proceeds. The article also finds that the case examined contains elements of predicate fraud and money laundering, raising the need for a more coherent asset-recovery framework. It concludes that legal certainty in this field depends on clearer statutory guidance, including the enactment of a more comprehensive asset forfeiture regime.
Tinjauan Yuridis Ekspansi Perusahaan Group Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang No. 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara
This article examines the legal limits of group-company expansion in Indonesia's coal mining sector from the perspective of the mining regulatory regime. The issue is important because business expansion through mergers, acquisitions, or the formation of new affiliates can improve efficiency, but it can also create dominance and distort competition when used without adequate legal control. Using normative juridical research, the article reviews constitutional principles on state control over natural resources, mining legislation, and competition-related concerns arising from corporate group structures. The study finds that Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining provides a more explicit framework for limiting certain expansion practices, particularly in the use of mining service companies. The article also finds that expansion by group companies may lead to abuse of dominant position and market control if not checked by effective regulation and supervision. It concludes that legal certainty in the mining sector requires clearer boundaries between permissible business structuring and forms of expansion that threaten fair competition and public control over strategic resources.
Kepastian Hukum terhadap Hak Merek sebagai Bentuk Perlindungan atas Hak Kekayaan Intelektual
This article examines legal certainty in trademark rights as a form of protection for intellectual property. The issue is important because trademark registration does not only identify commercial origin, but also determines who receives exclusive legal protection when a dispute or infringement occurs. Using normative juridical research, the article reviews Indonesian trademark legislation, doctrinal theories of legal certainty, and the registration mechanism for trademark rights. The study finds that the constitutive registration system gives legal recognition and exclusive rights only after a mark is registered, so registration becomes the central gateway to protection. At the same time, legal certainty depends not only on clear statutory rules, but also on consistent administrative examination and judicial interpretation, especially in disputes over bad faith and similarity in principal elements. The article concludes that effective trademark protection requires both a coherent registration regime and a more precise standard for determining similarity and infringement so that right holders obtain meaningful legal certainty.
Analisis Yuridis Gugatan Uni Eropa ke World Trade Organization terhadap Indonesia akibat Regulasi dan Kebijakan Pembatasan Ekspor Bijih Nikel
This article examines the European Union's legal challenge at the World Trade Organization against Indonesia's restrictions on exports of low-grade nickel ore. The issue is important because Indonesia's downstream policy seeks to increase domestic value added and preserve strategic mineral reserves, while the European Union views the restrictions as inconsistent with multilateral trade obligations. Using normative juridical research, the article reviews Indonesian mining regulations, relevant WTO instruments, and doctrinal writings on international trade law. The study finds that the dispute centres on Indonesia's export restrictions and domestic processing policy, which the European Union argues conflict with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. At the same time, Indonesia frames the policy as part of its sovereign authority to manage natural resources for national welfare and industrial development. The article concludes that the dispute has both legal and economic implications, including tension in bilateral trade relations, pressure on Indonesia's hilirisasi agenda, and the need for clearer alignment between domestic resource governance and international trade commitments.
Akibat Hukum Kepemilikan Tanah untuk Rumah Tinggal Berdasarkan Jual Beli yang Melebihi Batas Maksimum
This article examines the legal consequences of residential land ownership acquired through sale and purchase when the accumulation exceeds the maximum ownership limit permitted by Indonesian land policy. The issue is important because the regulatory framework already requires buyers to declare that their ownership does not exceed the limit, yet in practice large-scale accumulation of residential land still occurs without effective sanctions. Using normative juridical research, the article reviews agrarian statutes, land registration rules, and doctrinal writings on justice and legal sanctions. The study finds that the applicable regime establishes an ownership ceiling through administrative requirements, but it does not provide an explicit sanction structure when the declaration is violated or when excessive ownership is later discovered. This gap weakens enforcement, contributes to inequality in access to housing land, and undermines the social function of land. The article argues that legal certainty requires a firmer sanction model, including administrative disincentives and stronger supervision of transfer registration.
Hak Cipta (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Konsep Pengambilan Keputusan oleh Triumvirat Pelaksana Tugas Kepresidenan jika Presiden dan Wakil Presiden Berhalangan Tetap
This article examines the decision-making concept that should guide the triumvirate of ministers who temporarily exercise presidential duties when both the President and Vice President are permanently unable to serve. The issue is significant because Article 8 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution designates the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Home Affairs, and the Minister of Defense to act together, yet no detailed statutory framework has clarified the institutional procedure for joint decision-making. Using normative juridical research, the article analyzes constitutional provisions, presidential regulations concerning the three ministries, and decision-making theory. The study finds that the legal basis for the triumvirate exists only at the constitutional level and that the absence of derivative regulation creates uncertainty regarding coordination and the method for taking binding decisions. The article argues that, in the absence of specific rules, decisions should be structured through division of functions, deliberation, and, if necessary, voting as a mechanism to resolve deadlock, but a formal statutory framework remains urgently needed.
Perlindungan Hukum Perempuan Korban Pelecehan Seksual di Kereta Commuter Indonesia
This article examines legal protection for women who become victims of sexual harassment in commuter rail services operated by PT Kereta Commuter Indonesia. The issue is significant because mass public transportation can expose female passengers to repeated risks of harassment, while consumer protection principles require service providers to ensure safety, comfort, and proper complaint handling. Using normative juridical research with a statutory approach, the article reviews the relationship between consumer protection law, railway regulation, witness and victim protection law, and the practical measures adopted by KAI Commuter. The study finds that KAI Commuter has taken preventive and responsive steps, including women-only carriages, complaint channels, campaign activities, and support for reporting. However, implementation is still not fully optimal because users continue to experience harassment and victim support facilities remain limited. The article argues that stronger preventive systems, clearer sanctions, and more integrated victim assistance are necessary to make legal protection in commuter rail services more effective.
Perlindungan Hukum Hak Prajurit dalam Sengketa Tata Usaha Militer Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1997 tentang Peradilan Militer dan Kekosongan Pranata Hukumnya
This article examines legal protection for soldiers in military administrative disputes during a period when the procedural law of the Military Administrative Court has not yet been implemented in detail. The issue is important because legal disputes affecting soldiers' rights continue to arise even though the institutional design promised by Law Number 31 of 1997 on Military Courts remains incomplete. Using normative juridical research supported by doctrinal analysis, the article reviews the concepts of legal protection, legal certainty, and administrative remedies within the military legal system. The study finds that the absence of implementing procedural rules creates a legal vacuum that prevents litigation before the Military High Court from functioning effectively. In practice, soldiers who are harmed by military administrative decisions still rely on administrative objections and restorative or non-litigation mechanisms within the chain of command. The article argues that this interim avenue provides limited protection, but comprehensive legal certainty requires the immediate enactment of procedural regulations for military administrative adjudication.
Tinjauan Perlindungan Konsumen atas Kerugian Jasa pada Penanaman Modal menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen
This article examines consumer protection for victims who suffer losses from unlawful or deceptive investment services under Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection. The issue is important because illegal investment schemes often exploit low financial literacy, unrealistic promises of profit, and weak awareness of licensing and legal risk. Using normative juridical research based on statutory and library approaches, the article analyzes the position of investors as consumers, the legal certainty provided by consumer protection norms, and available mechanisms for compensation and dispute resolution. The study finds that the Consumer Protection Law provides a normative basis for legal certainty through rights, obligations, prohibitions, sanctions, and institutional complaint channels. However, implementation remains difficult because victims often face asset recovery problems, fragmented enforcement, and asymmetry of information. The article argues that effective protection requires not only formal legal certainty but also stronger preventive supervision, public education, and accessible litigation and non-litigation remedies.